The Other Side Of Heroin Addiction - 2172 Words

The Other Side of Heroin Addiction During the 2000s, heroin use and overdoses became a national threat. In 2012, 669,000 Americans said they had used heroin in the past year (NIDA 2). Use of heroin has risen immensely since 2007 and is becoming widespread in suburban areas especially. Heroin is most commonly used among middle to upper class white males aged 18 to 25 (Hunter). Heroin related deaths are not just in America either. In 2008, four out of five drug related crimes in Europe were linked to heroin (Heroin Statistics 1). Heroin creates further problems such as abuse of prescription drugs and the spread of HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis B and C from sharing infected needles (NIDA 5). All of these diseases can be spread through blood or†¦show more content†¦This causes the feeling of intense satisfaction heroin delivers. When an individual uses heroin, they experience a heightened version of this feeling. At first, heroin triggers an abnormally large amount of dopamine to be released in the brain (6). However, o ver time, the drug triggers less dopamine to be released. So to maintain the same feeling as the first time, heroin users have to take more and more to achieve the same high. The body’s intense physical craving for heroin makes withdrawal an incredibly difficult and painful process to go through (4). Society has long held a simplified view of addiction: the more someone performs an action, the more they become addicted. In the 1960s, researchers conducted the â€Å"Skinner Box Experiment† to test the effects of addiction and certain drugs. The researches placed a single rat in a small cage and gave it two bottles of water, one plain water and the other laced with heroin (Alexander 3). They wanted to see what effect heroin had on the rat and whether the rat would become addicted. In each experiment the rat became addicted to the heroin water, overdosed, and died (3). The researchers concluded that addiction comes from repeated use of an addictive substance. In 2010, Dr. Bruce Alexander, a Canadian scientist, made an intriguing observation about the famous experiment. He noticed thatShow MoreRelatedFighting The War On Heroin1378 Words   |  6 Pagesthe War on Heroin Drug addiction is one of the many problems that is prevalent world-wide. An even bigger uphill battle that comes with drug addiction is the ethics behind rehabilitation and treatment. Heroin is one of the most controversial illicit drugs in regards to its use and its treatment. Treatments such as methadone maintenance, LAAM(Levomethadyl acetate) and naltrexone have definitely raised questions in terms of their effectiveness in combatting heroin/opiate addiction. This essayRead Morenegative impact of drugs1264 Words   |  6 Pageseffects and impact of drugs on a user and their family Drugs, such as heroin, cocaine, and prescription pain relievers encompass negative effects on users and his or her family members physically and mentally, however there are various treatment options for the drug or drugs abused. In 2003, 7.1% of Americans aged 12 or older were classified as current substance abusers. Statistically significant increases in the use of heroin, marijuana, cocaine, and pain relievers were reported from 2000 to 2001Read MoreThe Center Of Disease Control And Prevention States, â€Å"From1619 Words   |  7 Pagesstates, â€Å"from 2014 to 2015, heroin overdose death rates increased by 20.6%, with nearly 13,000 people dying in 2015.† Overdosing on opioids has drastically increased over the past few years and has caused many deaths. Throughout the United States, many different cases are reported of individuals who have abused these dangerous opioid drugs. Heroin is known as one of the most common opioid drugs which leads people to addiction and can consequently lead to overdosing. Using heroin on a daily base or takingRead MoreThe Use Of Mind Altering Substances Has Been About Since1040 Words   |  5 Pagesthat this is not the case. Neither the substances nor the ways the y affect the human body have changed throughout human history. Nor the reason why people indulge in the consumption of illegal substances.   People abuse drugs to relieve stress, manage other illnesses and receive a high.   Depending on the drug of choice, the toll it takes on the human body differs. Furthermore, injection choice, also plays a factor on how the body is affected. For example,   through injection into the bloodstream more immediateRead MoreDrugs Are A Problem Of Drugs Essay1511 Words   |  7 Pagesand our children. According to Goldberg (2016), a major hardcore drug that is used in most colleges is cocaine. Cocaine is an interesting drug it has two different forms. There is the powdered version of it known as â€Å"Blow or Coke,† and there is the other version, which is even worse than the powdered version, crack known as â€Å"Crack or Rock.† College students are prone to encounter powdered cocaine, to be highly illegal, it gets around pretty easily. An average of 14% of adults have tried cocaine. OneRead MoreIllegal Drug Addiction : Effects On The Body1538 Words   |  7 PagesIllegal Drug Addiction the effects on the body How do people become addicted to illegal drugs? Here’s how: Put aside the fact that it’s an illegal drug for a few minutes and let’s focus on the chemistry side of things. The moment when a person takes that first snort, puff, and shot trillions of potent chemical molecules surges through one’s bloodstream and gets into a person’s brain cells. Once in the brain they set off a cascade of chemicals and electrical nerves inside the brain, which increasesRead MorePrescribing Drugs1711 Words   |  7 Pagestypes of easily abused pain relievers. Those who already became addicted to opioids and other drugs needed to obtain the drug in any way possible in order to satisfy their addiction. As mentioned by Manchikanti and Singh, people turned to doing heroine since it is the same type of opioid drug as the prescription medications they were abusing (2008). Another possible causation of the recent increase in heroin users is the fact that pharmacies making it harder for painkillers to be abused. AccordingRead MoreHeroin Addict : An Addictive Opiate1288 Words   |  6 PagesHeroin, an addictive opiate, is the utmost hazardous drugs present in the universe. It conveys numerous possible dangers, including psychological, physical, and social measures for the one who consumes the drug. In a diary of heroin addict, Ben Rogers suffers from heroine and for the past two years, he recorded a video diary of his struggles and pains. He suffered from a 14-year heroine addiction and died at the age of 34. Due to a withdrawal of drugs, Ben died from a brain hemorrhage after reservingRead MorePain Killers Analysis987 Words   |  4 PagesPainkillers Seen as a Gateway to Heroin† article illustrates the possibility that opiate prescriptions open the door to addictions such as heroin. Summary: The article starts with the role prescription opiates might play in encouraging patients to become a heroine addict. Last week Philip Seymour Hoffman died at 46 of an heroin overdose. His heroin addiction ended 20 years ago and as years passed he struggled with a habit involving painkillers. The heroin addict pre-1990s used heroin and experienced withdrawalRead MoreThe Substance Abuse Of Heroin By Scott Calvert990 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"fictional drugs,† along with amplifying the side effects of prescription drugs, it is crucial to critique what is actually true or not. Whether or not the drug’s effects are medically correct has been glanced over by many. Directed by Scott Calvert in 1995, the movie The Basketball Diaries focuses on the substance abuse of heroin by the main character, Jim. Jim, a high school all-star basketball player becomes addicted to heroin. He tries to hide his addiction, but it becomes quite prevalent when it

Proposal Essay - Organ Selling - 1500 Words

Proposal essay While walking down a city street, alarming cries for help ring out through the air, and it is observed that an individual that appears to be living well has a helpless, poor victim held down, relentlessly beating them to the ground and taking what little they have left for their own advantage and benefit. What would be the right thing to do; run away or try to help, either by stepping in or calling the proper authorities? The morally ethical thing to do would be to help and do what has to be done to stand up for what is right. This same general scenario is happening not too far from this country, where organ brokers are victimizing innocent and poverty-stricken mothers and fathers trying to find a way to provide and get†¦show more content†¦This may be the solution to wipe out these brokers of the black market because if they have no one to prey on they will not have a choice but to find other means of income besides taking a large portion of the sellersâ€⠄¢ payments for â€Å"hidden fees† (Resnick, B. 2012). Since the WHO is not, in any way, going to lift the ban, and one of the most efficient ways to increase the supply of available organs for the thousands of people on organ waiting lists is to make some form of donation and selling legal, other options must be sought-after. By combining two opposing viewpoints it is possible for a whole new approach to this rapidly growing problem to transpire, for there may be more agreeable aspects than what meets the eye. Though there are areas of disagreement, it is agreed upon that exploiting the poor and manipulating and/or forcing them to sell their organs at the expense of their health physically and psychologically, and social stance as well as the sellers families also. Instead of going against beliefs of any party by lifting the ban or just pretending that this does not occur on a daily basis or ignore it entirely, not trying to help, it may be possible to educate these poor a nd desperate people, crack down on busting these organ brokers, and even getting the doctors involved in the protection and prevention of the innocent victims that this vicious system continues to claim. The ethical andShow MoreRelatedHuman Trafficking: A True Global Problem1856 Words   |  7 Pagesthe world seem far closer together politically and economically, there remain remnants of the past that, while abhorrent, still exist. In some countries children are married as early as 9 years old, 7 year olds are put to work in factories, human organs are harvested and sold to the highest bidder, and slavery and trafficking in human beings remain global problems (Heiner, 2007). Sex trafficking is a global problem. Between ä »â€" to 2 million women and children are smuggled across borders each year forRead More Anti-Slavery Issue and Childrens Magazines: 1820-1860 Essay examples5201 Words   |  21 Pagessolve. Most early anti-slavery societies, though, arose in the North and many ma de efforts to spread their views by publishing. William Lloyd Garrison’s Liberator, published weekly between 1831 and 1865, had a Juvenile Department; the paper became the organ for the American Anti-Slavery Society which Garrison started in 1833.   Among the earliest children’s magazines was the Juvenile Miscellany (hereafter   JM), begun and edited by Lydia Maria Child, and published in Boston from 1826-1834. It includedRead MoreIs Protectionism Ever Justified6199 Words   |  25 Pagesthing if all it tries to achieve is protection of a nation’s domestic industries and development of the nation. Even though this is said to be a notion that goes against globalization, it is definitely a notion worth considering and justifying. This essay argues on the justifications for Protectionism and how Protectionism is taking place in Russia, Argentina, Brazil, China and France with the help of news articles. The articles will be analyzed and will showcase how protectionism is taking place andRead MoreVietnam Airlines Strategy9313 Words   |  38 PagesPESTE analysis. Political Analysis The Socialist Republic of Vietnam is a single-party state. A new state constitution was approved in April 1992, replacing the 1975 version. The central role of the Communist Party of Vietnam was reasserted in all organs of government, politics and society. Only political organizations affiliated with or endorsed by the Communist Party are permitted to contest elections. These include the Vietnamese Fatherland Front and worker and trade unionist parties. AlthoughRead MoreSuccessful Factors Of Subways Business Marketing Essay9310 Words   |  38 Pageshttp://www.ukessays.com/essays/marketing/successful-factors-of-subways-business-marketing-essay.php http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/franchise.aspx http://www.germann.co.nz/franchising/franchising-in-New-Zealand.html http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-franchise-businesses.html royalty fees – http://businessecon.org/2013/04/franchise-fee-royalty-fee-license-and-marketing-fee-franchise-agreement-terminology/ http://www.franchise.org/part-6 http://emarket.franchise.org/FRCSupportHandbook.pdfRead MoreLanguage of Advertising20371 Words   |  82 Pageslevels worldwide, and falling trade barriers have all encouraged commerce between countries. Because corporations are opening new markets and selling their products in many regions of the globe, they are also advertising their products in those regions. 2. Advertising All Over the World. In the world of advertising, selling products is the most important goal. As companies are becoming more global, they are looking for new ways to sell their products all over theRead MoreGlobalization and Its Impact on Malaysia13672 Words   |  55 Pageson  culture, on political systems, on  economic development  and prosperity, and on  human physical well-being  in societies around the world.Globalization is not new, though. For thousands of years, people—and, later, corporations—have been buying from and selling to each other in lands at great distances, such as through the famed Silk Road across Central Asia that connected China and Europe during the Middle Ages. Likewise, for centuries, people and corporations have invested in enterprises in other countriesRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesprobable good consequences of each action and the probable bad consequences while weighing the positive and negative impact of each consequence. It’s a kind of cost-benefit analysis. Exercises 1. Columbus Day is an American holiday. Write a short essay that weighs the pros and cons and then comes to a decision about whether there should be more or less public celebration (by Americans and their institutions) on Columbus Day, October 12. Here is some relevant background information to reduce yourRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesand Solicitation of Project Proposals 43 Ranking Proposals and Selection of Projects 44 Step 4: Integrating the WBS with the Organization 113 Step 5: Coding the WBS for the Information System 114 Responsibility Matrices 116 Project Communication Plan 119 Summary 121 Managing the Portfolio System 47 Balancing the Portfolio for Risks and Types of Projects 48 Chapter 5 Estimating Project Times and Costs 126 128 Summary 49 Appendix 2.1: Request for Proposal (RFP) 60 Factors InfluencingRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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Identification of the Critical Path

Question: What is the critical path? What problems can you identify? How can you improve on this plan? Answer: Activities Duration ID dates to be purged 1 Estimate Volume 7 Determine resources requirements 2 ID disposition of charts 30 Set budget 30 Gain Approval 3 Obtain resources 1 Purge files 14 Identification of the Critical Path PERT chart is a project monitoring tool which has been used for finding out the critical path of a project which is useful for finding out the shortest path for completing the project successfully. The network path with longest total duration should be the critical path. Critical path is the shortest path which needs to be followed by the project manager for completing the project in a successful way. According to this network diagram there are two paths in this network diagram which have been. The paths have been highlighted below Path 1 duration: 10 days (As duration plus Bs duration plus Cs duration) Path 2 duration: 78 days (Ds duration plus Es duration plus Fs duration plus Gs duration) In this case path 1 is the critical path as if there is any delay at all in the path 1 then the entire project will be delayed as the time taken for the predecessor activities is more, then the entire project will be late. From the network diagram which have been given in the pdf it has been seen that there are two paths and its direction has been given in this way. Path 1: A-B-C which is of 10 days Path 2: D-E-F-G-H which is of 78 days So the path 1 is the critical path for the entire project as the path 1 is the shortest path to be followed by the project manager for completing the project within time. Hence the critical path for this project is A-B-C. Problems identified in the chart The problem which has been identified in the chart is that the path 1 is not completed as the path is an incomplete path as the path as the start data but it does not have the end date. According to this network diagram the path should be completed as in this way like. It starts from the activity A joins with the activity B. After that it joins with the activity C and after that it should join with the last activity so the path does have that end, but there is a big problem as the slack time is not consistent for the path (Dennis et, al 2015). Improvement in the Plan There is only one improvement in the plan which is that if the activity B is to be connected with the last activity and activity C will be connected with the last activity then there would be three paths formed for the network diagram as a result the path for reaching the last activity becomes easier and the project takes a very lesser time to complete it (Pyron, 1994). References Dennis, A., Wixom, B., Roth, R. and Roth, R. (2015).Systems analysis and design. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Pyron, T. (1994).Using Microsoft Project 4 for Windows. Indianapolis, Ind.: Que Corporation.

Ishell Robinson Essays (969 words) - Social Constructionism

Ishell Robinson Elizabeth Kim English 10:40 10 July 2015 Racial Formation s Is it true all "black" people love soul food? That crunchy fried chicken, mac cheese, sweet pot atoes, collard greens, and do not forget that good ole' corn bread! If yes, did someone else inform you of this? Or did you observe the race yourself and co me up wit h that outcome? Or were you taught knowing that "black" people love soul food? Race does not just have one specific meaning. It can be interpreted in beast ways depending on multiple customs . In "Racial Formations , " written by Omi and Winant , they elaborate on how societies needs to break the barrier of stereotypes and defining people of their race because race is always changing. Once societies come to the realization that race is more then Ideology is the way people think, their ideas and beliefs about something. Racial Ideology is people's preconceived notion of race , their set of beliefs on race. Most beliefs are based off of h ow they think a certain race should act or how they should look , which can be described as racial etiquette . As Omi and Winant puts it, "We also become disoriented when people do not act black,' Latino,' or indeed white.' The content of such stereotypes reveals a series of substantiated beliefs about who these groups are and what they' are like" (Omi and Winant 4). The authors are stating how people become confused or dumbfounded when their beliefs do not mock how they perceived a specific race group to be like. They become mysterious to how they should perceive races as. This connects to Omi and Winant's main argument that race is not just one specific thing because Social Sciences believe social concept in consideration of race would be more reliable then biological notion of race. Race was not just something people knew about, it was shaped by the type of society and or culture. Racial class and the meaning of race are given a solid expression by the specific social connection and historical setting in which they are implanted. Over time racial meaning had differed in size a significant amount between different soci eties. Omi and Winant writes, "In contempo rary British politics the term black' is used to refer to all nonwhites Rather, in political and cultural movements, Asians as well as Afro- Caribbean youth are adopting the term as an expression of self- identity" (Omi and Winant 3). Omi and Winant explains how race can be defined in multiple ways based on the society a certain racial category lives in or the type of culture being taught among the society. In certain societies they define themselves as what they want to be defined as instead of letting others define their identity for them. And in other societies they allow their own people to be corrupted by the stereotypes and categorize them however they want to. This is great evidence that proves Omi and Winant's main argument; they explain how rather race being defined as what color someone skin is that race is really based of societies and cultural status. As racial slavery was made physically stronger in the US, the racial class of "black" developed gradually. Work Cited Reflection My first college English paper, it was the total opposite of what I expected. 3 pages are not even that bad to write, but for some odd reason I was having difficulties writing my paper. At first I wasn't really sure of the author's main argument. Then as a class we started talking more about the book more. The discussions in class about the book were very helpful. It allowed me to grasp more of the deeper concept that was being stated in the book. I loved how my classmates and I helped each other out by explaining things into further detail if someone was confused. Another big part that helped me with my writing was tutoring. Our CAs is amazing. I tend to have writer's block or not really know how to organize my thoughts to where as I would put things. The CA that was helping me got me

Ground Zero for C limate Change Essays - Environmental Justice

Ground Zero for C limate Change Essays - Environmental Justice Ground Zero for C limate Change Anything having to do with the physical world and developing a deeper understanding of it has always enthralled me. Accordingly, the field of biology, specifically climate c hange biology, is one which is I follow with keen interest . The independent writer Wen Stephenson 's article tackles the issue of climate change biology in a way that I found to be unique. His article " Ground Zero For Climate " discusses the sphere of climate chan ge and environmental conditions but through the lens of racial inequality . It was written out of a need to bring attention to "environmental racism"the disproportionate burden of pollution on communities of color, especially African-African communities in the South. The article was published in The Nation , which covers political and cultural news, opinion and analysis. As such, one can assume that t he audience to whom this article is aimed at is aware of climate change, its effects and dangers a s well as the need for environmental reform. T h e article opens with a description of the devastation wreaked on a once bustling small town by pollution. The opening line, " In the br ight sun, the streets at midday on a Friday were ghostly quiet. " serves to highlight the loss of activity, both social and economic, within the town of West Port as business closed down and citizens left to escape the onslaught of s moke from the nearby refineries. Stephenson goes on to describe the systematic and structural placement of toxic waste, incineration facilitie s, petrochemical plants and refi neries and polluting power plants within the vicinity of low income minority town. He also addresses the legislative war against environmental racism and the need for the spread of information regarding climate justice. The article opened with interviews from persons that had lived in West Port for decades. This is followed by highlight ing the presence of the problem, stating the thesis then giving historical data as well as facts to defend his thesis. In concluding, he amended his thesis. The thes is of the piece was stated and can be found towards the end of the article. "The central mission and purpose of the climate movement is to prevent runaway, civilizati on-destroying global warmingin other words, to create the n ecessary political and economic conditions for a las t-ditch, all-out effort to keep enough fossil fuels in the ground which is already about racial, economic , social and generational justice." The placement of the thesis allows the author to provide background regarding environmental justice and racism, cite examples where the phenomenon had taken place such as West Port Arthur and Carver Terrace as well as provide facts and figures from sources to prove the reader with an understanding of the thesis . It also gives him leeway him to expound upon his thesis and broade n its scope to include the present day world as the climate disadvantaged , not just lower class communities as seen in the following quote. " The question now is whether climate justice can be defined broadly enough to encompass everyonenot only our own commun ities, our own children, but everyone, ev erywhere, including generations not yet bornin ord er to keep even the possibility of justice alive on Earth. The idea of environmental racism is controversial as many persons choose to ignore the link between social issues and race, choosing to explain it away as a coincidence or as a result of a myriad of other plausible factors . However , the writer supported this concept by outlining facts supporting the prevalence of environmental disadvantage that poorer communities of color face , and citing reknown authorites on the issue such as Robert Bullard, the celebrated sociologist and activist , called the father of the environmental justice movement to confirm the existence of a racial link to the issue . T he use of emotive language and the presence of facts and figures to prove the writer's argument also made the article an impressive one . He used several real life examples, narrative strategies, presented facts, quoted authors and made commanding statements such as likening living in the

Black Robe - Movie Review essays

Black Robe - Movie Review essays "Black Robe" is a movie that tells the story of the first contacts between the Huron Indians of Quebec and the Jesuit missionaries from France who came to convert them to Catholicism, but ended up delivering the Indians into the hands of their enemies. The Jesuits saw the "Savages", as they called them, as souls to be saved. The natives saw the Black Robes, as they called them, as destroyers and "demons" threatening the gods and sorceries, which ordered their lives. Out of that, a big conflict between two cultures is shown. Those first brave Jesuit priests did not realize that it was not the right thing to do, because a burning faith and an absolute conviction drove them. Only much later it was apparent that the European settlement of North America led to the destruction of the original inhabitants, not their salvation. Father LaForgue, a Jesuit, undertakes a long and arduous journey in winter, guided by the Algonquins, threatened by the Iroquois. It is a torturous experience, and "Black Robe" visualizes it in very realistic depictions of Indian life. Throughout the movie we can very well find details of the housing of the Indians, their methods of hunting and food procurement and the way they use absolute trust and cooperation of each other to fight against the deadly climate. It also becomes clear that the Indians had their own religious and belief systems already in place, and that none of them had much use for Jesus and the other gifts of Christianity. This is clearly shown in a scene when the Jesuit priest is trying to explain the advantages of going to Heaven, and the Indians he is with laugh at him - the cultural context is incompatible and communication with understanding is impossible. On the other hand, for the white people it is hard to understand the brutality and torture that is part of Indian life. When Iroquois are torturing the Jesuit priest and his party, the young Frenchman says: "They are Iroquois, they are a...

Strategy in the International Enveronment Essay

Strategy in the International Enveronment - Essay Example The study will also look to prepare a business plan for the proposed business. Population of Lagos In order to properly recognise the demographic factors prevalent in Lagos the population of the area will be evaluated. Lagos is a small state in Nigeria. It is one of the highest populated areas in Nigeria which contributes about 5% of national estimate. The population of Lagos was 17 million in the year 2006. The growth rate of population is approximately 6, 00,000 per annum and the population density is about 4,193 ‘persons per square kilometre’. UN (United Nations) estimates that if this growth rate continues then by the year 2015 Lagos will turn out to be the ‘third largest mega city’ in the whole world after Tokyo, the capital of Japan and Mumbai in India. 85% population of Lagos is in metropolitan area and only 37% population is in ‘land area’ of Lagos. According to World Bank’s demographic analysis the growth rate of Lagos was 8% in the year 1996 and in Nigeria the growth rate was 36.8%. That means population of Lagos is increasing ten times quicker as compared to New York as well as Los Angeles (Lagos State Government, 2011). Statistics of People with High Disposable Income The real GDP growth rate of Nigeria was recorded at 7.4% in the year 2010 and annual gross income of people was approximately 130,095.4 USD. The annual disposable income of people of Nigeria was 115,976.9 USD in the year 2010 thus the purchasing power of people on that period was 356,475.9 USD. The following table shows that people’s purchasing power and disposable income has been increasing since the year 2007 (Euromonitor, 2011). Year GDP Measured at Purchasing Power (Million international $) Annual Disposable Income (Million USD) 2007 292,409.20 97,329.80 2008 310,743.60 113,613.30 2009 328,915.70 101,762.00 2010 356,475.90 115,976.90 2011 387,999.60 117,355.00 Source: (Euromonitor, 2011). According to report of 2006, less than ha lf of the households are employed. The average unemployed persons per household were less than 3. It reveals that there were more unemployed persons in the household than employed. From the perspective of household heads almost 92.6% was employed and 0.8% was unemployed. House heads earn more than their spouses and other members of household. The number of spouses and other household member in the income group between 10,000 ? to 30,000 ? is higher than household heads. In this income group, the proportion of household head was only 34.3% compared to proportion of spouse which was 61.7%, and other household member’s proportion was between 67.9 % - 80.9%. Proportion of household head whose income level was 90,000 ? and above was 8% and spouse’s proportion was only 2% (Lamata, 2005). Average household income of Household Member (in %) Average Monthly Income (in ?) Household Head (%) Spouse of Head (%) 10000 – 30000 34.3 61.5 30001 –